"importlib" --- The implementation of "import"
**********************************************

Ajouté dans la version 3.1.

**Source code:** Lib/importlib/__init__.py

======================================================================


Introduction
============

The purpose of the "importlib" package is three-fold.

One is to provide the implementation of the "import" statement (and
thus, by extension, the "__import__()" function) in Python source
code. This provides an implementation of "import" which is portable to
any Python interpreter. This also provides an implementation which is
easier to comprehend than one implemented in a programming language
other than Python.

Two, the components to implement "import" are exposed in this package,
making it easier for users to create their own custom objects (known
generically as an *importer*) to participate in the import process.

Three, the package contains modules exposing additional functionality
for managing aspects of Python packages:

* "importlib.metadata" presents access to metadata from third-party
  distributions.

* "importlib.resources" provides routines for accessing non-code
  "resources" from Python packages.

Voir aussi:

  L'instruction import
     The language reference for the "import" statement.

  Packages specification
     Original specification of packages. Some semantics have changed
     since the writing of this document (e.g. redirecting based on
     "None" in "sys.modules").

  La fonction "__import__()"
     The "import" statement is syntactic sugar for this function.

  The initialization of the sys.path module search path
     The initialization of "sys.path".

  **PEP 235**
     Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms

  **PEP 263**
     Defining Python Source Code Encodings

  **PEP 302**
     New Import Hooks

  **PEP 328**
     Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative

  **PEP 366**
     Main module explicit relative imports

  **PEP 420**
     Implicit namespace packages

  **PEP 451**
     A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System

  **PEP 488**
     Elimination of PYO files

  **PEP 489**
     Multi-phase extension module initialization

  **PEP 552**
     Deterministic pycs

  **PEP 3120**
     Using UTF-8 as the Default Source Encoding

  **PEP 3147**
     PYC Repository Directories


Fonctions
=========

importlib.__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)

   An implementation of the built-in "__import__()" function.

   Note:

     Programmatic importing of modules should use "import_module()"
     instead of this function.

importlib.import_module(name, package=None)

   Import a module. The *name* argument specifies what module to
   import in absolute or relative terms (e.g. either "pkg.mod" or
   "..mod"). If the name is specified in relative terms, then the
   *package* argument must be set to the name of the package which is
   to act as the anchor for resolving the package name (e.g.
   "import_module('..mod', 'pkg.subpkg')" will import "pkg.mod").

   The "import_module()" function acts as a simplifying wrapper around
   "importlib.__import__()". This means all semantics of the function
   are derived from "importlib.__import__()". The most important
   difference between these two functions is that "import_module()"
   returns the specified package or module (e.g. "pkg.mod"), while
   "__import__()" returns the top-level package or module (e.g.
   "pkg").

   If you are dynamically importing a module that was created since
   the interpreter began execution (e.g., created a Python source
   file), you may need to call "invalidate_caches()" in order for the
   new module to be noticed by the import system.

   Modifié dans la version 3.3: Parent packages are automatically
   imported.

importlib.invalidate_caches()

   Invalidate the internal caches of finders stored at
   "sys.meta_path". If a finder implements "invalidate_caches()" then
   it will be called to perform the invalidation.  This function
   should be called if any modules are created/installed while your
   program is running to guarantee all finders will notice the new
   module's existence.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Modifié dans la version 3.10: Namespace packages created/installed
   in a different "sys.path" location after the same namespace was
   already imported are noticed.

importlib.reload(module)

   Reload a previously imported *module*.  The argument must be a
   module object, so it must have been successfully imported before.
   This is useful if you have edited the module source file using an
   external editor and want to try out the new version without leaving
   the Python interpreter.  The return value is the module object
   (which can be different if re-importing causes a different object
   to be placed in "sys.modules").

   When "reload()" is executed:

   * Python module's code is recompiled and the module-level code re-
     executed, defining a new set of objects which are bound to names
     in the module's dictionary by reusing the *loader* which
     originally loaded the module.  The "init" function of extension
     modules is not called a second time.

   * As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only
     reclaimed after their reference counts drop to zero.

   * The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any new
     or changed objects.

   * Other references to the old objects (such as names external to
     the module) are not rebound to refer to the new objects and must
     be updated in each namespace where they occur if that is desired.

   There are a number of other caveats:

   When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module's
   global variables) is retained.  Redefinitions of names will
   override the old definitions, so this is generally not a problem.
   If the new version of a module does not define a name that was
   defined by the old version, the old definition remains.  This
   feature can be used to the module's advantage if it maintains a
   global table or cache of objects --- with a "try" statement it can
   test for the table's presence and skip its initialization if
   desired:

      try:
          cache
      except NameError:
          cache = {}

   It is generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically
   loaded modules.  Reloading "sys", "__main__", "builtins" and other
   key modules is not recommended.  In many cases extension modules
   are not designed to be initialized more than once, and may fail in
   arbitrary ways when reloaded.

   If a module imports objects from another module using "from" ...
   "import" ..., calling "reload()" for the other module does not
   redefine the objects imported from it --- one way around this is to
   re-execute the "from" statement, another is to use "import" and
   qualified names (*module.name*) instead.

   If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module
   that defines the class does not affect the method definitions of
   the instances --- they continue to use the old class definition.
   The same is true for derived classes.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: "ModuleNotFoundError" is raised when
   the module being reloaded lacks a "ModuleSpec".


"importlib.abc" -- Abstract base classes related to import
==========================================================

**Source code:** Lib/importlib/abc.py

======================================================================

The "importlib.abc" module contains all of the core abstract base
classes used by "import". Some subclasses of the core abstract base
classes are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs.

ABC hierarchy:

   object
    +-- MetaPathFinder
    +-- PathEntryFinder
    +-- Loader
         +-- ResourceLoader --------+
         +-- InspectLoader          |
              +-- ExecutionLoader --+
                                    +-- FileLoader
                                    +-- SourceLoader

class importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder

   An abstract base class representing a *meta path finder*.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Modifié dans la version 3.10: No longer a subclass of "Finder".

   find_spec(fullname, path, target=None)

      An abstract method for finding a *spec* for the specified
      module.  If this is a top-level import, *path* will be "None".
      Otherwise, this is a search for a subpackage or module and
      *path* will be the value of "__path__" from the parent package.
      If a spec cannot be found, "None" is returned. When passed in,
      "target" is a module object that the finder may use to make a
      more educated guess about what spec to return.
      "importlib.util.spec_from_loader()" may be useful for
      implementing concrete "MetaPathFinders".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   invalidate_caches()

      An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any
      internal cache used by the finder. Used by
      "importlib.invalidate_caches()" when invalidating the caches of
      all finders on "sys.meta_path".

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: Returns "None" when called instead
      of "NotImplemented".

class importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder

   An abstract base class representing a *path entry finder*.  Though
   it bears some similarities to "MetaPathFinder", "PathEntryFinder"
   is meant for use only within the path-based import subsystem
   provided by "importlib.machinery.PathFinder".

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Modifié dans la version 3.10: No longer a subclass of "Finder".

   find_spec(fullname, target=None)

      An abstract method for finding a *spec* for the specified
      module.  The finder will search for the module only within the
      *path entry* to which it is assigned.  If a spec cannot be
      found, "None" is returned.  When passed in, "target" is a module
      object that the finder may use to make a more educated guess
      about what spec to return. "importlib.util.spec_from_loader()"
      may be useful for implementing concrete "PathEntryFinders".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   invalidate_caches()

      An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any
      internal cache used by the finder. Used by
      "importlib.machinery.PathFinder.invalidate_caches()" when
      invalidating the caches of all cached finders.

class importlib.abc.Loader

   An abstract base class for a *loader*. See **PEP 302** for the
   exact definition for a loader.

   Loaders that wish to support resource reading should implement a
   "get_resource_reader()" method as specified by
   "importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader".

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Introduced the optional
   "get_resource_reader()" method.

   create_module(spec)

      A method that returns the module object to use when importing a
      module.  This method may return "None", indicating that default
      module creation semantics should take place.

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

      Modifié dans la version 3.6: This method is no longer optional
      when "exec_module()" is defined.

   exec_module(module)

      An abstract method that executes the module in its own namespace
      when a module is imported or reloaded.  The module should
      already be initialized when "exec_module()" is called.  When
      this method exists, "create_module()" must be defined.

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

      Modifié dans la version 3.6: "create_module()" must also be
      defined.

   load_module(fullname)

      A legacy method for loading a module.  If the module cannot be
      loaded, "ImportError" is raised, otherwise the loaded module is
      returned.

      If the requested module already exists in "sys.modules", that
      module should be used and reloaded. Otherwise the loader should
      create a new module and insert it into "sys.modules" before any
      loading begins, to prevent recursion from the import.  If the
      loader inserted a module and the load fails, it must be removed
      by the loader from "sys.modules"; modules already in
      "sys.modules" before the loader began execution should be left
      alone.

      The loader should set several attributes on the module (note
      that some of these attributes can change when a module is
      reloaded):

      * "module.__name__"

      * "module.__file__"

      * "module.__cached__" *(deprecated)*

      * "module.__path__"

      * "module.__package__" *(deprecated)*

      * "module.__loader__" *(deprecated)*

      When "exec_module()" is available then backwards-compatible
      functionality is provided.

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raise "ImportError" when called
      instead of "NotImplementedError".  Functionality provided when
      "exec_module()" is available.

      Deprecated since version 3.4, will be removed in version 3.15:
      The recommended API for loading a module is "exec_module()" (and
      "create_module()").  Loaders should implement it instead of
      "load_module()".  The import machinery takes care of all the
      other responsibilities of "load_module()" when "exec_module()"
      is implemented.

class importlib.abc.ResourceLoader

   *Superseded by TraversableResources*

      An abstract base class for a *loader* which implements the
      optional **PEP 302** protocol for loading arbitrary resources
      from the storage back-end.

      Obsolète depuis la version 3.7: This ABC is deprecated in favour
      of supporting resource loading through
      "importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources".

      abstractmethod get_data(path)

            An abstract method to return the bytes for the data
            located at *path*. Loaders that have a file-like storage
            back-end that allows storing arbitrary data can implement
            this abstract method to give direct access to the data
            stored. "OSError" is to be raised if the *path* cannot be
            found. The *path* is expected to be constructed using a
            module's "__file__" attribute or an item from a package's
            "__path__".

            Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raises "OSError" instead of
            "NotImplementedError".

class importlib.abc.InspectLoader

   An abstract base class for a *loader* which implements the optional
   **PEP 302** protocol for loaders that inspect modules.

   get_code(fullname)

      Return the code object for a module, or "None" if the module
      does not have a code object (as would be the case, for example,
      for a built-in module).  Raise an "ImportError" if loader cannot
      find the requested module.

      Note:

        While the method has a default implementation, it is suggested
        that it be overridden if possible for performance.

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: No longer abstract and a concrete
      implementation is provided.

   abstractmethod get_source(fullname)

         An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is
         returned as a text string using *universal newlines*,
         translating all recognized line separators into "'\n'"
         characters.  Returns "None" if no source is available (e.g. a
         built-in module). Raises "ImportError" if the loader cannot
         find the module specified.

         Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raises "ImportError" instead of
         "NotImplementedError".

   is_package(fullname)

      An optional method to return a true value if the module is a
      package, a false value otherwise. "ImportError" is raised if the
      *loader* cannot find the module.

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raises "ImportError" instead of
      "NotImplementedError".

   static source_to_code(data, path='<string>')

      Create a code object from Python source.

      The *data* argument can be whatever the "compile()" function
      supports (i.e. string or bytes). The *path* argument should be
      the "path" to where the source code originated from, which can
      be an abstract concept (e.g. location in a zip file).

      With the subsequent code object one can execute it in a module
      by running "exec(code, module.__dict__)".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

      Modifié dans la version 3.5: Made the method static.

   exec_module(module)

      Implementation of "Loader.exec_module()".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   load_module(fullname)

      Implementation of "Loader.load_module()".

      Deprecated since version 3.4, will be removed in version 3.15:
      use "exec_module()" instead.

class importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader

   An abstract base class which inherits from "InspectLoader" that,
   when implemented, helps a module to be executed as a script. The
   ABC represents an optional **PEP 302** protocol.

   abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)

         An abstract method that is to return the value of "__file__"
         for the specified module. If no path is available,
         "ImportError" is raised.

         If source code is available, then the method should return
         the path to the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode
         was used to load the module.

         Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raises "ImportError" instead of
         "NotImplementedError".

class importlib.abc.FileLoader(fullname, path)

   An abstract base class which inherits from "ResourceLoader" and
   "ExecutionLoader", providing concrete implementations of
   "ResourceLoader.get_data()" and "ExecutionLoader.get_filename()".

   The *fullname* argument is a fully resolved name of the module the
   loader is to handle. The *path* argument is the path to the file
   for the module.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   name

      The name of the module the loader can handle.

   path

      Path to the file of the module.

   load_module(fullname)

      Calls super's "load_module()".

      Deprecated since version 3.4, will be removed in version 3.15:
      Use "Loader.exec_module()" instead.

   abstractmethod get_filename(fullname)

      Returns "path".

   abstractmethod get_data(path)

      Reads *path* as a binary file and returns the bytes from it.

class importlib.abc.SourceLoader

   An abstract base class for implementing source (and optionally
   bytecode) file loading. The class inherits from both
   "ResourceLoader" and "ExecutionLoader", requiring the
   implementation of:

   * "ResourceLoader.get_data()"

   * "ExecutionLoader.get_filename()"
        Should only return the path to the source file; sourceless
        loading is not supported.

   The abstract methods defined by this class are to add optional
   bytecode file support. Not implementing these optional methods (or
   causing them to raise "NotImplementedError") causes the loader to
   only work with source code. Implementing the methods allows the
   loader to work with source *and* bytecode files; it does not allow
   for *sourceless* loading where only bytecode is provided.  Bytecode
   files are an optimization to speed up loading by removing the
   parsing step of Python's compiler, and so no bytecode-specific API
   is exposed.

   path_stats(path)

      Optional abstract method which returns a "dict" containing
      metadata about the specified path.  Supported dictionary keys
      are:

      * "'mtime'" (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number
        representing the modification time of the source code;

      * "'size'" (optional): the size in bytes of the source code.

      Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for
      future extensions. If the path cannot be handled, "OSError" is
      raised.

      Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raise "OSError" instead of
      "NotImplementedError".

   path_mtime(path)

      Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for
      the specified path.

      Obsolète depuis la version 3.3: This method is deprecated in
      favour of "path_stats()".  You don't have to implement it, but
      it is still available for compatibility purposes. Raise
      "OSError" if the path cannot be handled.

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: Raise "OSError" instead of
      "NotImplementedError".

   set_data(path, data)

      Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a
      file path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are
      to be created automatically.

      When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only
      ("errno.EACCES"/"PermissionError"), do not propagate the
      exception.

      Modifié dans la version 3.4: No longer raises
      "NotImplementedError" when called.

   get_code(fullname)

      Concrete implementation of "InspectLoader.get_code()".

   exec_module(module)

      Concrete implementation of "Loader.exec_module()".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   load_module(fullname)

      Concrete implementation of "Loader.load_module()".

      Deprecated since version 3.4, will be removed in version 3.15:
      utilisez plutôt "exec_module()".

   get_source(fullname)

      Concrete implementation of "InspectLoader.get_source()".

   is_package(fullname)

      Concrete implementation of "InspectLoader.is_package()". A
      module is determined to be a package if its file path (as
      provided by "ExecutionLoader.get_filename()") is a file named
      "__init__" when the file extension is removed **and** the module
      name itself does not end in "__init__".

class importlib.abc.ResourceReader

   *Superseded by TraversableResources*

   An *abstract base class* to provide the ability to read
   *resources*.

   From the perspective of this ABC, a *resource* is a binary artifact
   that is shipped within a package. Typically this is something like
   a data file that lives next to the "__init__.py" file of the
   package. The purpose of this class is to help abstract out the
   accessing of such data files so that it does not matter if the
   package and its data file(s) are stored e.g. in a zip file versus
   on the file system.

   For any of methods of this class, a *resource* argument is expected
   to be a *path-like object* which represents conceptually just a
   file name. This means that no subdirectory paths should be included
   in the *resource* argument. This is because the location of the
   package the reader is for, acts as the "directory". Hence the
   metaphor for directories and file names is packages and resources,
   respectively. This is also why instances of this class are expected
   to directly correlate to a specific package (instead of potentially
   representing multiple packages or a module).

   Loaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to
   provide a method called "get_resource_reader(fullname)" which
   returns an object implementing this ABC's interface. If the module
   specified by fullname is not a package, this method should return
   "None". An object compatible with this ABC should only be returned
   when the specified module is a package.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.7.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14: Use
   "importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources" instead.

   abstractmethod open_resource(resource)

         Returns an opened, *file-like object* for binary reading of
         the *resource*.

         Si la ressource ne peut pas être trouvée, "FileNotFoundError"
         est levée.

   abstractmethod resource_path(resource)

         Renvoie le chemin de *resource* dans le système de fichiers.

         If the resource does not concretely exist on the file system,
         raise "FileNotFoundError".

   abstractmethod is_resource(name)

         Returns "True" if the named *name* is considered a resource.
         "FileNotFoundError" is raised if *name* does not exist.

   abstractmethod contents()

         Returns an *iterable* of strings over the contents of the
         package. Do note that it is not required that all names
         returned by the iterator be actual resources, e.g. it is
         acceptable to return names for which "is_resource()" would be
         false.

         Allowing non-resource names to be returned is to allow for
         situations where how a package and its resources are stored
         are known a priori and the non-resource names would be
         useful. For instance, returning subdirectory names is allowed
         so that when it is known that the package and resources are
         stored on the file system then those subdirectory names can
         be used directly.

         The abstract method returns an iterable of no items.

class importlib.abc.Traversable

   An object with a subset of "pathlib.Path" methods suitable for
   traversing directories and opening files.

   For a representation of the object on the file-system, use
   "importlib.resources.as_file()".

   Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14: Use
   "importlib.resources.abc.Traversable" instead.

   name

      Abstract. The base name of this object without any parent
      references.

   abstractmethod iterdir()

      Yield "Traversable" objects in "self".

   abstractmethod is_dir()

      Return "True" if "self" is a directory.

   abstractmethod is_file()

      Return "True" if "self" is a file.

   abstractmethod joinpath(child)

      Return Traversable child in "self".

   abstractmethod __truediv__(child)

      Return "Traversable" child in "self".

   abstractmethod open(mode='r', *args, **kwargs)

      *mode* may be 'r' or 'rb' to open as text or binary. Return a
      handle suitable for reading (same as "pathlib.Path.open").

      When opening as text, accepts encoding parameters such as those
      accepted by "io.TextIOWrapper".

   read_bytes()

      Read contents of "self" as bytes.

   read_text(encoding=None)

      Read contents of "self" as text.

class importlib.abc.TraversableResources

   An abstract base class for resource readers capable of serving the
   "importlib.resources.files()" interface. Subclasses
   "importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader" and provides concrete
   implementations of the "importlib.resources.abc.ResourceReader"'s
   abstract methods. Therefore, any loader supplying
   "importlib.abc.TraversableResources" also supplies ResourceReader.

   Loaders that wish to support resource reading are expected to
   implement this interface.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14: Use
   "importlib.resources.abc.TraversableResources" instead.

   abstractmethod files()

      Returns a "importlib.resources.abc.Traversable" object for the
      loaded package.


"importlib.machinery" -- Importers and path hooks
=================================================

**Source code:** Lib/importlib/machinery.py

======================================================================

This module contains the various objects that help "import" find and
load modules.

importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES

   A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for
   source modules.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

importlib.machinery.DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES

   A list of strings representing the file suffixes for non-optimized
   bytecode modules.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.5: Use "BYTECODE_SUFFIXES" instead.

importlib.machinery.OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES

   A list of strings representing the file suffixes for optimized
   bytecode modules.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.5: Use "BYTECODE_SUFFIXES" instead.

importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES

   A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for
   bytecode modules (including the leading dot).

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: The value is no longer dependent on
   "__debug__".

importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES

   A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for
   extension modules.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()

   Returns a combined list of strings representing all file suffixes
   for modules recognized by the standard import machinery. This is a
   helper for code which simply needs to know if a filesystem path
   potentially refers to a module without needing any details on the
   kind of module (for example, "inspect.getmodulename()").

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

class importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter

   An *importer* for built-in modules. All known built-in modules are
   listed in "sys.builtin_module_names". This class implements the
   "importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder" and "importlib.abc.InspectLoader"
   ABCs.

   Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need
   for instantiation.

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: As part of **PEP 489**, the builtin
   importer now implements "Loader.create_module()" and
   "Loader.exec_module()"

class importlib.machinery.FrozenImporter

   An *importer* for frozen modules. This class implements the
   "importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder" and "importlib.abc.InspectLoader"
   ABCs.

   Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need
   for instantiation.

   Modifié dans la version 3.4: Gained "create_module()" and
   "exec_module()" methods.

class importlib.machinery.WindowsRegistryFinder

   *Finder* for modules declared in the Windows registry.  This class
   implements the "importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder" ABC.

   Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need
   for instantiation.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.6: Use "site" configuration instead.
   Future versions of Python may not enable this finder by default.

class importlib.machinery.PathFinder

   A *Finder* for "sys.path" and package "__path__" attributes. This
   class implements the "importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder" ABC.

   Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need
   for instantiation.

   classmethod find_spec(fullname, path=None, target=None)

      Class method that attempts to find a *spec* for the module
      specified by *fullname* on "sys.path" or, if defined, on *path*.
      For each path entry that is searched, "sys.path_importer_cache"
      is checked. If a non-false object is found then it is used as
      the *path entry finder* to look for the module being searched
      for. If no entry is found in "sys.path_importer_cache", then
      "sys.path_hooks" is searched for a finder for the path entry
      and, if found, is stored in "sys.path_importer_cache" along with
      being queried about the module. If no finder is ever found then
      "None" is both stored in the cache and returned.

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

      Modifié dans la version 3.5: If the current working directory --
      represented by an empty string -- is no longer valid then "None"
      is returned but no value is cached in "sys.path_importer_cache".

   classmethod invalidate_caches()

      Calls "importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.invalidate_caches()" on all
      finders stored in "sys.path_importer_cache" that define the
      method. Otherwise entries in "sys.path_importer_cache" set to
      "None" are deleted.

      Modifié dans la version 3.7: Entries of "None" in
      "sys.path_importer_cache" are deleted.

   Modifié dans la version 3.4: Calls objects in "sys.path_hooks" with
   the current working directory for "''" (i.e. the empty string).

class importlib.machinery.FileFinder(path, *loader_details)

   A concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder" which
   caches results from the file system.

   The *path* argument is the directory for which the finder is in
   charge of searching.

   The *loader_details* argument is a variable number of 2-item tuples
   each containing a loader and a sequence of file suffixes the loader
   recognizes. The loaders are expected to be callables which accept
   two arguments of the module's name and the path to the file found.

   The finder will cache the directory contents as necessary, making
   stat calls for each module search to verify the cache is not
   outdated. Because cache staleness relies upon the granularity of
   the operating system's state information of the file system, there
   is a potential race condition of searching for a module, creating a
   new file, and then searching for the module the new file
   represents. If the operations happen fast enough to fit within the
   granularity of stat calls, then the module search will fail. To
   prevent this from happening, when you create a module dynamically,
   make sure to call "importlib.invalidate_caches()".

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   path

      The path the finder will search in.

   find_spec(fullname, target=None)

      Attempt to find the spec to handle *fullname* within "path".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   invalidate_caches()

      Clear out the internal cache.

   classmethod path_hook(*loader_details)

      A class method which returns a closure for use on
      "sys.path_hooks". An instance of "FileFinder" is returned by the
      closure using the path argument given to the closure directly
      and *loader_details* indirectly.

      If the argument to the closure is not an existing directory,
      "ImportError" is raised.

class importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader(fullname, path)

   A concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.SourceLoader" by
   subclassing "importlib.abc.FileLoader" and providing some concrete
   implementations of other methods.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   name

      The name of the module that this loader will handle.

   path

      The path to the source file.

   is_package(fullname)

      Return "True" if "path" appears to be for a package.

   path_stats(path)

      Concrete implementation of
      "importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_stats()".

   set_data(path, data)

      Concrete implementation of
      "importlib.abc.SourceLoader.set_data()".

   load_module(name=None)

      Concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.Loader.load_module()"
      where specifying the name of the module to load is optional.

      Deprecated since version 3.6, will be removed in version 3.15:
      Use "importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module()" instead.

class importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader(fullname, path)

   A concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.FileLoader" which can
   import bytecode files (i.e. no source code files exist).

   Please note that direct use of bytecode files (and thus not source
   code files) inhibits your modules from being usable by all Python
   implementations or new versions of Python which change the bytecode
   format.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   name

      The name of the module the loader will handle.

   path

      The path to the bytecode file.

   is_package(fullname)

      Determines if the module is a package based on "path".

   get_code(fullname)

      Returns the code object for "name" created from "path".

   get_source(fullname)

      Returns "None" as bytecode files have no source when this loader
      is used.

   load_module(name=None)

   Concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.Loader.load_module()"
   where specifying the name of the module to load is optional.

   Deprecated since version 3.6, will be removed in version 3.15: Use
   "importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module()" instead.

class importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader(fullname, path)

   A concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader" for
   extension modules.

   The *fullname* argument specifies the name of the module the loader
   is to support. The *path* argument is the path to the extension
   module's file.

   Note that, by default, importing an extension module will fail in
   subinterpreters if it doesn't implement multi-phase init (see **PEP
   489**), even if it would otherwise import successfully.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Modifié dans la version 3.12: Multi-phase init is now required for
   use in subinterpreters.

   name

      Name of the module the loader supports.

   path

      Path to the extension module.

   create_module(spec)

      Creates the module object from the given specification in
      accordance with **PEP 489**.

      Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

   exec_module(module)

      Initializes the given module object in accordance with **PEP
      489**.

      Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

   is_package(fullname)

      Returns "True" if the file path points to a package's "__init__"
      module based on "EXTENSION_SUFFIXES".

   get_code(fullname)

      Returns "None" as extension modules lack a code object.

   get_source(fullname)

      Returns "None" as extension modules do not have source code.

   get_filename(fullname)

      Returns "path".

      Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

class importlib.machinery.NamespaceLoader(name, path, path_finder)

   A concrete implementation of "importlib.abc.InspectLoader" for
   namespace packages.  This is an alias for a private class and is
   only made public for introspecting the "__loader__" attribute on
   namespace packages:

      >>> from importlib.machinery import NamespaceLoader
      >>> import my_namespace
      >>> isinstance(my_namespace.__loader__, NamespaceLoader)
      True
      >>> import importlib.abc
      >>> isinstance(my_namespace.__loader__, importlib.abc.Loader)
      True

   Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

class importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec(name, loader, *, origin=None, loader_state=None, is_package=None)

   A specification for a module's import-system-related state.  This
   is typically exposed as the module's "__spec__" attribute.  Many of
   these attributes are also available directly on a module: for
   example, "module.__spec__.origin == module.__file__".  Note,
   however, that while the *values* are usually equivalent, they can
   differ since there is no synchronization between the two objects.
   For example, it is possible to update the module's "__file__" at
   runtime and this will not be automatically reflected in the
   module's "__spec__.origin", and vice versa.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   name

      The module's fully qualified name (see "module.__name__"). The
      *finder* should always set this attribute to a non-empty string.

   loader

      The *loader* used to load the module (see "module.__loader__").
      The *finder* should always set this attribute.

   origin

      The location the *loader* should use to load the module (see
      "module.__file__"). For example, for modules loaded from a ".py"
      file this is the filename. The *finder* should always set this
      attribute to a meaningful value for the *loader* to use.  In the
      uncommon case that there is not one (like for namespace
      packages), it should be set to "None".

   submodule_search_locations

      A (possibly empty) *sequence* of strings enumerating the
      locations in which a package's submodules will be found (see
      "module.__path__"). Most of the time there will only be a single
      directory in this list.

      The *finder* should set this attribute to a sequence, even an
      empty one, to indicate to the import system that the module is a
      package.  It should be set to "None" for non-package modules.
      It is set automatically later to a special object for namespace
      packages.

   loader_state

      The *finder* may set this attribute to an object containing
      additional, module-specific data to use when loading the module.
      Otherwise it should be set to "None".

   cached

      The filename of a compiled version of the module's code (see
      "module.__cached__"). The *finder* should always set this
      attribute but it may be "None" for modules that do not need
      compiled code stored.

   parent

      (Read-only) The fully qualified name of the package the module
      is in (or the empty string for a top-level module). See
      "module.__package__". If the module is a package then this is
      the same as "name".

   has_location

      "True" if the spec's "origin" refers to a loadable location,
      "False" otherwise.  This value impacts how "origin" is
      interpreted and how the module's "__file__" is populated.

class importlib.machinery.AppleFrameworkLoader(name, path)

   A specialization of "importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader" that
   is able to load extension modules in Framework format.

   For compatibility with the iOS App Store, *all* binary modules in
   an iOS app must be dynamic libraries, contained in a framework with
   appropriate metadata, stored in the "Frameworks" folder of the
   packaged app. There can be only a single binary per framework, and
   there can be no executable binary material outside the Frameworks
   folder.

   To accommodate this requirement, when running on iOS, extension
   module binaries are *not* packaged as ".so" files on "sys.path",
   but as individual standalone frameworks. To discover those
   frameworks, this loader is be registered against the ".fwork" file
   extension, with a ".fwork" file acting as a placeholder in the
   original location of the binary on "sys.path". The ".fwork" file
   contains the path of the actual binary in the "Frameworks" folder,
   relative to the app bundle. To allow for resolving a framework-
   packaged binary back to the original location, the framework is
   expected to contain a ".origin" file that contains the location of
   the ".fwork" file, relative to the app bundle.

   For example, consider the case of an import "from foo.bar import
   _whiz", where "_whiz" is implemented with the binary module
   "sources/foo/bar/_whiz.abi3.so", with "sources" being the location
   registered on "sys.path", relative to the application bundle. This
   module *must* be distributed as
   "Frameworks/foo.bar._whiz.framework/foo.bar._whiz" (creating the
   framework name from the full import path of the module), with an
   "Info.plist" file in the ".framework" directory identifying the
   binary as a framework. The "foo.bar._whiz" module would be
   represented in the original location with a
   "sources/foo/bar/_whiz.abi3.fwork" marker file, containing the path
   "Frameworks/foo.bar._whiz/foo.bar._whiz". The framework would also
   contain "Frameworks/foo.bar._whiz.framework/foo.bar._whiz.origin",
   containing the path to the ".fwork" file.

   When a module is loaded with this loader, the "__file__" for the
   module will report as the location of the ".fwork" file. This
   allows code to use the "__file__" of a  module as an anchor for
   file system traveral. However, the spec origin will reference the
   location of the *actual* binary in the ".framework" folder.

   The Xcode project building the app is responsible for converting
   any ".so" files from wherever they exist in the "PYTHONPATH" into
   frameworks in the "Frameworks" folder (including stripping
   extensions from the module file, the addition of framework
   metadata, and signing the resulting framework), and creating the
   ".fwork" and ".origin" files. This will usually be done with a
   build step in the Xcode project; see the iOS documentation for
   details on how to construct this build step.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

   Availability: iOS.

   name

      Name of the module the loader supports.

   path

      Path to the ".fwork" file for the extension module.


"importlib.util" -- Utility code for importers
==============================================

**Source code:** Lib/importlib/util.py

======================================================================

This module contains the various objects that help in the construction
of an *importer*.

importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER

   The bytes which represent the bytecode version number. If you need
   help with loading/writing bytecode then consider
   "importlib.abc.SourceLoader".

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

importlib.util.cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None, *, optimization=None)

   Return the **PEP 3147**/**PEP 488** path to the byte-compiled file
   associated with the source *path*.  For example, if *path* is
   "/foo/bar/baz.py" the return value would be
   "/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc" for Python 3.2. The
   "cpython-32" string comes from the current magic tag (see
   "get_tag()"; if "sys.implementation.cache_tag" is not defined then
   "NotImplementedError" will be raised).

   The *optimization* parameter is used to specify the optimization
   level of the bytecode file. An empty string represents no
   optimization, so "/foo/bar/baz.py" with an *optimization* of "''"
   will result in a bytecode path of
   "/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc". "None" causes the
   interpreter's optimization level to be used. Any other value's
   string representation is used, so "/foo/bar/baz.py" with an
   *optimization* of "2" will lead to the bytecode path of
   "/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.opt-2.pyc". The string
   representation of *optimization* can only be alphanumeric, else
   "ValueError" is raised.

   The *debug_override* parameter is deprecated and can be used to
   override the system's value for "__debug__". A "True" value is the
   equivalent of setting *optimization* to the empty string. A "False"
   value is the same as setting *optimization* to "1". If both
   *debug_override* an *optimization* are not "None" then "TypeError"
   is raised.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: The *optimization* parameter was added
   and the *debug_override* parameter was deprecated.

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Accepte un *path-like object*.

importlib.util.source_from_cache(path)

   Given the *path* to a **PEP 3147** file name, return the associated
   source code file path.  For example, if *path* is
   "/foo/bar/__pycache__/baz.cpython-32.pyc" the returned path would
   be "/foo/bar/baz.py".  *path* need not exist, however if it does
   not conform to **PEP 3147** or **PEP 488** format, a "ValueError"
   is raised. If "sys.implementation.cache_tag" is not defined,
   "NotImplementedError" is raised.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Accepte un *path-like object*.

importlib.util.decode_source(source_bytes)

   Decode the given bytes representing source code and return it as a
   string with universal newlines (as required by
   "importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source()").

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

importlib.util.resolve_name(name, package)

   Resolve a relative module name to an absolute one.

   If  **name** has no leading dots, then **name** is simply returned.
   This allows for usage such as "importlib.util.resolve_name('sys',
   __spec__.parent)" without doing a check to see if the **package**
   argument is needed.

   "ImportError" is raised if **name** is a relative module name but
   **package** is a false value (e.g. "None" or the empty string).
   "ImportError" is also raised if a relative name would escape its
   containing package (e.g. requesting "..bacon" from within the
   "spam" package).

   Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

   Modifié dans la version 3.9: To improve consistency with import
   statements, raise "ImportError" instead of "ValueError" for invalid
   relative import attempts.

importlib.util.find_spec(name, package=None)

   Find the *spec* for a module, optionally relative to the specified
   **package** name. If the module is in "sys.modules", then
   "sys.modules[name].__spec__" is returned (unless the spec would be
   "None" or is not set, in which case "ValueError" is raised).
   Otherwise a search using "sys.meta_path" is done. "None" is
   returned if no spec is found.

   If **name** is for a submodule (contains a dot), the parent module
   is automatically imported.

   **name** and **package** work the same as for "import_module()".

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Raises "ModuleNotFoundError" instead
   of "AttributeError" if **package** is in fact not a package (i.e.
   lacks a "__path__" attribute).

importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)

   Create a new module based on **spec** and
   "spec.loader.create_module".

   If "spec.loader.create_module" does not return "None", then any
   pre-existing attributes will not be reset. Also, no
   "AttributeError" will be raised if triggered while accessing
   **spec** or setting an attribute on the module.

   This function is preferred over using "types.ModuleType" to create
   a new module as **spec** is used to set as many import-controlled
   attributes on the module as possible.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

importlib.util.spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None)

   A factory function for creating a "ModuleSpec" instance based on a
   loader.  The parameters have the same meaning as they do for
   ModuleSpec.  The function uses available *loader* APIs, such as
   "InspectLoader.is_package()", to fill in any missing information on
   the spec.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, location, *, loader=None, submodule_search_locations=None)

   A factory function for creating a "ModuleSpec" instance based on
   the path to a file.  Missing information will be filled in on the
   spec by making use of loader APIs and by the implication that the
   module will be file-based.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Accepte un *path-like object*.

importlib.util.source_hash(source_bytes)

   Return the hash of *source_bytes* as bytes. A hash-based ".pyc"
   file embeds the "source_hash()" of the corresponding source file's
   contents in its header.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.7.

importlib.util._incompatible_extension_module_restrictions(*, disable_check)

   A context manager that can temporarily skip the compatibility check
   for extension modules.  By default the check is enabled and will
   fail when a single-phase init module is imported in a
   subinterpreter. It will also fail for a multi-phase init module
   that doesn't explicitly support a per-interpreter GIL, when
   imported in an interpreter with its own GIL.

   Note that this function is meant to accommodate an unusual case;
   one which is likely to eventually go away.  There's is a pretty
   good chance this is not what you were looking for.

   You can get the same effect as this function by implementing the
   basic interface of multi-phase init (**PEP 489**) and lying about
   support for multiple interpreters (or per-interpreter GIL).

   Avertissement:

     Using this function to disable the check can lead to unexpected
     behavior and even crashes.  It should only be used during
     extension module development.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

class importlib.util.LazyLoader(loader)

   A class which postpones the execution of the loader of a module
   until the module has an attribute accessed.

   This class **only** works with loaders that define "exec_module()"
   as control over what module type is used for the module is
   required. For those same reasons, the loader's "create_module()"
   method must return "None" or a type for which its "__class__"
   attribute can be mutated along with not using *slots*. Finally,
   modules which substitute the object placed into "sys.modules" will
   not work as there is no way to properly replace the module
   references throughout the interpreter safely; "ValueError" is
   raised if such a substitution is detected.

   Note:

     For projects where startup time is critical, this class allows
     for potentially minimizing the cost of loading a module if it is
     never used. For projects where startup time is not essential then
     use of this class is **heavily** discouraged due to error
     messages created during loading being postponed and thus
     occurring out of context.

   Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Began calling "create_module()",
   removing the compatibility warning for
   "importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter" and
   "importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader".

   classmethod factory(loader)

      A class method which returns a callable that creates a lazy
      loader. This is meant to be used in situations where the loader
      is passed by class instead of by instance.

         suffixes = importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES
         loader = importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader
         lazy_loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader.factory(loader)
         finder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder(path, (lazy_loader, suffixes))


Exemples
========


Importing programmatically
--------------------------

To programmatically import a module, use "importlib.import_module()".

   import importlib

   itertools = importlib.import_module('itertools')


Checking if a module can be imported
------------------------------------

If you need to find out if a module can be imported without actually
doing the import, then you should use "importlib.util.find_spec()".

Note that if "name" is a submodule (contains a dot),
"importlib.util.find_spec()" will import the parent module.

   import importlib.util
   import sys

   # For illustrative purposes.
   name = 'itertools'

   if name in sys.modules:
       print(f"{name!r} already in sys.modules")
   elif (spec := importlib.util.find_spec(name)) is not None:
       # If you chose to perform the actual import ...
       module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
       sys.modules[name] = module
       spec.loader.exec_module(module)
       print(f"{name!r} has been imported")
   else:
       print(f"can't find the {name!r} module")


Importing a source file directly
--------------------------------

This recipe should be used with caution: it is an approximation of an
import statement where the file path is specified directly, rather
than "sys.path" being searched. Alternatives should first be
considered first, such as modifying "sys.path" when a proper module is
required, or using "runpy.run_path()" when the global namespace
resulting from running a Python file is appropriate.

To import a Python source file directly from a path, use the following
recipe:

   import importlib.util
   import sys


   def import_from_path(module_name, file_path):
       spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, file_path)
       module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
       sys.modules[module_name] = module
       spec.loader.exec_module(module)
       return module


   # For illustrative purposes only (use of `json` is arbitrary).
   import json
   file_path = json.__file__
   module_name = json.__name__

   # Similar outcome as `import json`.
   json = import_from_path(module_name, file_path)


Implementing lazy imports
-------------------------

The example below shows how to implement lazy imports:

   >>> import importlib.util
   >>> import sys
   >>> def lazy_import(name):
   ...     spec = importlib.util.find_spec(name)
   ...     loader = importlib.util.LazyLoader(spec.loader)
   ...     spec.loader = loader
   ...     module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
   ...     sys.modules[name] = module
   ...     loader.exec_module(module)
   ...     return module
   ...
   >>> lazy_typing = lazy_import("typing")
   >>> #lazy_typing is a real module object,
   >>> #but it is not loaded in memory yet.
   >>> lazy_typing.TYPE_CHECKING
   False


Setting up an importer
----------------------

For deep customizations of import, you typically want to implement an
*importer*. This means managing both the *finder* and *loader* side of
things. For finders there are two flavours to choose from depending on
your needs: a *meta path finder* or a *path entry finder*. The former
is what you would put on "sys.meta_path" while the latter is what you
create using a *path entry hook* on "sys.path_hooks" which works with
"sys.path" entries to potentially create a finder. This example will
show you how to register your own importers so that import will use
them (for creating an importer for yourself, read the documentation
for the appropriate classes defined within this package):

   import importlib.machinery
   import sys

   # For illustrative purposes only.
   SpamMetaPathFinder = importlib.machinery.PathFinder
   SpamPathEntryFinder = importlib.machinery.FileFinder
   loader_details = (importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader,
                     importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES)

   # Setting up a meta path finder.
   # Make sure to put the finder in the proper location in the list in terms of
   # priority.
   sys.meta_path.append(SpamMetaPathFinder)

   # Setting up a path entry finder.
   # Make sure to put the path hook in the proper location in the list in terms
   # of priority.
   sys.path_hooks.append(SpamPathEntryFinder.path_hook(loader_details))


Approximating "importlib.import_module()"
-----------------------------------------

Import itself is implemented in Python code, making it possible to
expose most of the import machinery through importlib. The following
helps illustrate the various APIs that importlib exposes by providing
an approximate implementation of "importlib.import_module()":

   import importlib.util
   import sys

   def import_module(name, package=None):
       """An approximate implementation of import."""
       absolute_name = importlib.util.resolve_name(name, package)
       try:
           return sys.modules[absolute_name]
       except KeyError:
           pass

       path = None
       if '.' in absolute_name:
           parent_name, _, child_name = absolute_name.rpartition('.')
           parent_module = import_module(parent_name)
           path = parent_module.__spec__.submodule_search_locations
       for finder in sys.meta_path:
           spec = finder.find_spec(absolute_name, path)
           if spec is not None:
               break
       else:
           msg = f'No module named {absolute_name!r}'
           raise ModuleNotFoundError(msg, name=absolute_name)
       module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
       sys.modules[absolute_name] = module
       spec.loader.exec_module(module)
       if path is not None:
           setattr(parent_module, child_name, module)
       return module
